Indigenous Identities: Portraits of Native Americans in the Civil War Era
Charles Milton Bell (American, 1848 – 1893), Es-En-Ce (Little Shell), 1874, photograph, 6 ½ x 4 ¼ inches, Gift, E. D. McCauley, Esq., 1940.206.48.1 Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania.
Indigenous Identities: Portraits of Native Americans in the Civil War Era installed at the Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania.
Charles Milton Bell (American, 1848 – 1893), Lo-Cha-Ha-Jo (Lochar Harjo), 1877, photograph, 6 ½ x 4 ¼ inches, Gift, E. D. McCauley, Esq., 1940.206.48.4, Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania.
Indigenous Identities: Portraits of Native Americans in the Civil War Era installed at the Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania.
Alexander Gardner (American, 1821 – 1882), Pe-Ji’ (Grass), 1872, photograph, 6 ½ x 4 ¼ inches, Gift. E. D. McCauley, Esq., 1940.206.48.13, Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania.
Indigenous Identities: Portraits of Native Americans in the Civil War Era installed at the Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania.
Possibly Charles Milton Bell (American, 1848 – 1893), or possibly William Henry Jackson (American, 1843 – 1942), Kam-Ne-But-Se (Blackfoot) and Wife, c. 1873, photograph, Gift, E. D. McCauley, Esq., 1940.206.48.16, Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania.
William Henry Jackson (American, 1843 – 1942), Mo-Ha-Nuzhe (Standing Bent), 1868, photograph, Gift, E. D. McCauley, Esq., 1940.206.48.37, Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania.
Indigenous Identities: Portraits of Native Americans in the Civil War Era
Indigenous Identities includes 49 photographic portraits taken during the United States Civil War era (1846 – 1877). These images were collected as part of the Hayden Survey (later known as the US Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories) conducted by the Department of the Interior in 1871. The purpose of the survey was to gather intelligence about the West in order to open the land to white settlers.
As the United States turned its attention westward, tensions between Americans and Indigenous people began to rise. To deal with the “Indian Problem,” the federal government’s solution was to offer Indigenous communities money and promises of peace in exchange for their ancestral land. If Indigenous people refused to leave, the military would take the land by force. By the turn of the 20th century, the entirety of the West was open to white settlement. Indigenous people were forced onto reservations in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) and throughout the West or forcibly assimilated into white culture.
Indigenous Identities aims to tell the stories of Indigenous people in the American West through these photographic portraits. Indigenous reactions to white expansion ranged from staunch resistance to strategic tolerance. Some societies desired peace, and consciously accepted certain elements of white society, while others used force to protect their autonomy. These differences are evident in the photographs, most notably in the way the sitter is dressed.
